Underwater Radiated Noise Management.

The management of Underwater Radiated Noise (URN) on marine platforms is a multifaceted research area with diverse stakeholder interests. URN management involves three main aspects: measurement & analysis, prediction, and alteration to meet specific mission requirements. Various models have been developed for URN prediction, evolving from early research in World War II to modern computational methods like Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA). Measurement and analysis of URN have advanced with the development of standards by organizations like NATO and the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). Regulatory bodies like the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have imposed regulations to mitigate oceanic noise pollution, driving the need for URN management in the maritime industry. In the article, URN management is a complex yet crucial aspect of maritime operations, requiring collaboration among stakeholders, advancements in technology, and adherence to regulations to ensure the sustainability of marine ecosystems and the efficiency of maritime activities. The measurement of Underwater Radiated Noise (URN) is subject to various guidelines, regulations, and standards proposed by different classification societies and regulatory bodies, the measurement, regulation, and prediction of URN involve a comprehensive framework of guidelines, regulations, and models developed by classification societies, regulatory bodies, and researchers to address various aspects of underwater noise from ships.

1. URN management involves diverse stakeholders with unique interests, including ship designers, naval forces, and marine conservationists.

2. URN sources are categorized into machinery noise, propulsion machinery noise, and hydrodynamic noise, each presenting distinct challenges.

3. Advancements in measurement and analysis techniques have been driven by standards developed by organizations like NATO and ASA, along with regulations from IMO.

4. Regulatory impositions by bodies like IMO aim to mitigate oceanic noise pollution, necessitating URN management in the maritime industry.

5. Ship design, construction, and operations play vital roles in minimizing URN emissions, emphasizing structural optimization, machinery selection, and maintenance measures.

6. Standards like ISO and STANAG provide guidelines for URN measurement and analysis, ensuring consistency and accuracy across methodologies.

7. Provide URN limits for commercial and research vessels, applicable to vessels with specific acoustic design technologies.

8. Various models like Ross, Randi, Wales-Heitmeyer, and Wittekind, along with computational methods such as SEA, FEM, and CFD, are utilized for predicting underwater radiated noise (URN).

9. ANSI and ISO standards guide URN measurement, considering factors like water depth, background noise, and transmission loss correction.

10. Measurement systems include vessel-based, static, and drifting systems, each with specific advantages and limitations.

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